ebab7d0da53c51438720d60c6e2e467c - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

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<p><b>SQL Plus</b> is the most basic <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a> utility, with a basic <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a>, commonly used by users, administrators, and programmers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Command_types">Command types</h2></div>

<p>SQL Plus understands five categories of text:<sup id="cite_ref-CommandRef_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommandRef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ol><li>SQL statements</li>

<li><a href="PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a> blocks</li>

<li>SQL Plus internal commands, for example:

<ul><li>environment control commands such as SET</li>

<li>environment monitoring commands such as SHOW</li></ul></li>

<li>Comments</li>

<li>External commands prefixed by the ! char</li></ol>

<p>Scripts can include all of these components.

</p><p>An Oracle programmer in the appropriately configured software environment can launch SQL Plus, for example, by entering:

</p>

<pre>$ sqlplus scott/tiger

</pre>

<p>where the Oracle user <code>scott</code> has the password <code>tiger</code>. SQL Plus then presents a prompt with the default form of:

</p>

</pre>

<p>Interactive use can then start by entering a SQL statement (terminated by a semicolon), a PL/SQL block, or another command. For example:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-psql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="k">SQL</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">select</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'Hello world'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">example</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dual</span><span class="p">;</span>

<span class="go">EXAMPLE</span>

<span class="go">Hello world</span>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The first version of SQL Plus was called <i>UFI</i> ("User Friendly Interface"). UFI appeared in Oracle database releases up to Version 4.

</p><p>After Oracle programmers had added new features to UFI, its name became <i>Advanced UFI</i>. The name "Advanced UFI" changed to "SQL Plus" with the release of the version 5 of Oracle.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div>

<p>Graphical interfaces from Oracle or third parties have diminished the proportion of <a href="Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle database</a> end-users who depend on the SQL Plus environment. Oracle shops typically continue to use SQL Plus scripts for batch updating or simple reports.

</p><p>Oracle Corporation's wrappers/gui-fications/replacements for SQL Plus include:

</p>

<ul><li>Oracle SQL Plus Worksheet, a component of <a href="Oracle_Enterprise_Manager" title="Oracle Enterprise Manager">OEM</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>iSQL Plus or iSQLPlus, a web-based utility<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>SQL Worksheet,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a component of <a href="Oracle_SQL_Developer" title="Oracle SQL Developer">Oracle SQL Developer</a></li>

<li>SQL Workshop (part of <a href="Oracle_Application_Express" title="Oracle Application Express">Oracle Application Express</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oracle_11g">Oracle 11g</h3></div>

<p>Starting from Oracle database 11g, iSqlplus (web based) and sqlplus GUI no longer ship with Oracle database software.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The command-line SQL Plus interface continues in use, mostly for non-interactive scripting or for administrative purposes. The Server Manager Command Line — a replacement of SQL*DBA — is obsolete and SQL Plus 8i and later allows the user to issue statements like <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">STARTUP</span> and <span class="monospaced">SHUTDOWN</span> when connected as SYSDBA. Server Manager 7.1 introduced the command <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">CONNECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SYSDBA</span></code> to replace <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">CONNECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">INTERNAL</span></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SQL Plus 8i and later allows the use of CONNECT / AS SYSDBA

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h2></div>

<p>Other vendors have made their software somewhat compatible with SQL Plus script commands or offer a SQL Plus mode of operation. Relevant products include <a href="TOAD_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="TOAD (software)">TOAD</a> from <a href="Quest_Software" title="Quest Software">Quest Software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integration">Integration</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variables">Variables</h3></div>

<p>SQL Plus-internal variables, accessible within an SQL Plus session, include:

</p>

<ul><li>user variables, displayable with the <code>DEFINE</code> command and referenceable with one or two cases of a prefixed character (default prefixes: '&' and '&&'). Oracle Corporation calls these variables "substitution variables". Programmers can use them anywhere in a SQL or PL/SQL statement or in SQL Plus commands. They can be populated by a literal using <code>DEFINE</code> or from the database using the <code>column</code> command.

<ul><li>predefined variables, prefixed with an underscore ('_')<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>substitution variables, useful for interacting with user-input<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>

<li>bind variables, prefixed by a colon (':'), which can interact with the PL/SQL environment. Displayable with the VARIABLE and PRINT commands<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Error_trapping">Error trapping</h3></div>

<p>The <code>WHENEVER</code> command specifies an action to perform in the event of the system detecting an SQL error<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

or an operating-system error<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

while running a subsequent SQL Plus command.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Installation_and_configuration">Installation and configuration</h3></div>

<p>SQL*Plus needs to be installed and configured on the machine where you intend to use it. This usually involves setting up Oracle client software and configuring network connections to Oracle databases.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supplementary_software">Supplementary software</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softtree.com">SQL Assistant</a> SQL Assistant add-on for SQL Plus Windows version extends SQL Plus with SQL automatic word completion, in-line Oracle SQL Reference, data export/import, code unit testing, data browsing, and code development functions.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101128023958/http://utopia.knoware.nl/~hlub/uck/rlwrap/">rlwrap</a> rlwrap does <a href="GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <a href="Readline" class="mw-redirect" title="Readline">Readline</a> like command completion for SQL Plus on <a href="UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> and <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Oracle_SQL_Developer" title="Oracle SQL Developer">Oracle SQL Developer</a></li>

<li>Oracle SQL/PLSQL Developer</li>

<li>techaid71/most-common-sqlplus-commands</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109104758/http://www.orafaq.com/faq/sqlplus">"SQL Plus at orafaq.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orafaq.com/faq/sqlplus">the original</a> on 2007-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMillsapKolkMcDonaldGorman2004" class="citation book cs1">Millsap, Cary; Kolk, Anjo; McDonald, Connor; Gorman, Tim; Hailey, Kyle; Ensor, David; Lewis, Jonathan; Vaidyanatha, Gaja Krishna; Ruthven, David; Morle, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QE5UntUi-4oC&pg=PA35"><i>Oracle Insights</i></a> (1st ed.). Apress. p. 35. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1590593875</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Robert (2008-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201065932/http://docs.cs.cf.ac.uk/html/601/node4.html">"The SQL Plus Worksheet"</a>. Cardiff University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.cs.cf.ac.uk/html/601/node4.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-21</span></span>. <q>Oracle's SQL Plus Worksheet is a straight-forward, easy-to-use, graphical user interface for SQL.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orafaq.com/wiki/ISQLPlus">"ISQLPlus"</a>. Oracle FAQ. 2008-02-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-21</span></span>. <q>iSQLPlus (iSQL Plus) is a web-based utility similar to the SQL Plus command line utility for executing SQL and PL/SQL commands (available up to Oracle 10gR2).</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724133233/http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/sql_developer/files/featurelist_1_5.htm#nf_sql">"Oracle SQL Developer 1.5: Feature List"</a>. Oracle Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/sql_developer/files/featurelist_1_5.htm#nf_sql">the original</a> on 2008-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-21</span></span>. <q>The SQL Plus commands supported by Oracle SQL Developer SQL Worksheet are listed [...]</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021062241/http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/application_express/html/what_is_apex.html">"Oracle Application Express"</a>. Oracle Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/database/application_express/html/what_is_apex.html">the original</a> on 2006-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-21</span></span>. <q>SQL Workshop provides tools to enable you to view and manage database objects from a Web browser. Use SQL Commands to run SQL and PL/SQL statements. ...</q></cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFRoshak2005" class="citation web cs1">Roshak, Natalka (2005-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orafaq.com/node/515">"Spice up your SQL Scripts with Variables"</a>. <i>Oracle FAQ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-29</span></span>. <q>& and && indicate substitution variables in SQL Plus scripts or commands.</q></cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFNyffenegger" class="citation web cs1">Nyffenegger, René. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/sqlplus/use_vars.html">"Using bind variables in SQL Plus"</a>. <i>René Nyffenegger's collection of things on the web</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-29</span></span>. <q>In SQL Plus, a bind variable is declared with <code>variable</code> [...] The value of the bind variable can then be printed with <code>print</code></q></cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFWatt" class="citation web cs1">Watt, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14357/ch12052.htm">"SQL Plus User's Guide and Reference"</a>. <i>Oracle Help Center</i>. Oracle Database Online Documentation, 10g Release 2 (10.2) / Administration. Oracle. p. 74<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-04</span></span>. <q>WHENEVER SQLERROR [...] [d]irects SQL Plus to perform the specified action as soon as it detects a SQL command or PL/SQL block error (but after printing the error message).</q></cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFWatt" class="citation web cs1">Watt, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14357/ch12051.htm">"SQL Plus User's Guide and Reference"</a>. <i>Oracle Help Center</i>. Oracle Database Online Documentation, 10g Release 2 (10.2) / Administration. Oracle. p. 73<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-04</span></span>. <q>WHENEVER OSERROR [...] [d]irects SQL Plus to perform the specified action as soon as an operating system error is detected.</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oracle.com/database/">"Oracle database services and products offer customers cost-optimized and high-performance versions of Oracle Database, the world's leading converged, multi-model database management system"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14357/toc.htm">SQL Plus documentation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sql-plus.com/">SQL Plus tutorial</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2575010#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata794" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2575010#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata794" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="SQL*PLUS (Computer program language)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90004874">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536929805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/b211ad7a-5f95-4656-9c34-40d5f86ff358">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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